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What conditions are most likely to result in runoff?

  1. Flat areas

  2. Areas with dense ground cover

  3. Steep slopes

  4. All of the above

The correct answer is: Steep slopes

Runoff occurs when water flows over the surface of the ground rather than being absorbed into the soil. Steep slopes are particularly conducive to runoff because the incline increases the speed at which water travels downhill. This quick movement prevents the water from soaking into the ground, thus increasing the likelihood of erosion and transport of pesticides or other materials into nearby waterways. In contrast, flat areas generally allow water to spread out and have a higher chance of being absorbed into the soil, reducing runoff. Areas with dense ground cover, such as grass or plants, can absorb water more effectively and also help to slow water movement, further minimizing runoff potential. Therefore, while all land conditions can influence runoff to some extent, steep slopes are by far the most significant factor leading to increased runoff.